• Describe the fundamental roles of plastids (e.g. chloroplast) and mitochondria in energy transformation
• Describe how the structure of the plasma membrane allows it to function as a regulatory structure and/or a protective barrier for a cell
• Compare the mechanisms that transport materials across the plasma membrane (i.e. passive transport - diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion; and active transport - pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis)
• Describe how membrane-bound cellular organelles (e.g. endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus) facilitate the transport of materials within a cell
• Describe the role ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and the nucleus if the production of specific types of proteins

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